THYMALIN

Thymalin has been studied primarily in Russian and Ukrainian clinical and experimental settings over several decades. Long-term gerontological studies in 266 elderly patients showed 2.0-2.1-fold reduction in mortality and decreased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases over 6-8 years. Recent in vitro studies demonstrate that its active dipeptides KE and EW reduce IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α synthesis by 1.4-6.0-fold in LPS-stimulated human PBMCs. A clinical study in severe COVID-19 patients reported hospital mortality of 20.6% with Thymalin versus 40.9% with standard therapy. Animal studies show antitumor effects and stimulation of reparative osteogenesis. Evidence is limited by predominantly Russian-language publications, small sample sizes, and lack of large-scale independent Western clinical trials.