OSTARINE
Non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator developed for muscle wasting, widely used off-label for body recomposition.
Multiple preclinical studies in rats demonstrate that ostarine increases muscle mass, capillary density, and myogenic differentiation markers (myogenin, MyoD, MyH) via androgen receptor activation. A 2023 study found ostarine increased myostatin gene expression and paradoxically decreased submaximal endurance without affecting maximal time to exhaustion. Cardiotoxicity has been documented in vitro, with increased fibrosis markers (αSMA, fibronectin) in male cardiac fibroblasts and elevated cardiomyopathy marker βMhc in rat hearts, particularly at high doses. Ostarine showed no additive metabolic benefits when combined with exercise in obese rats. Human clinical trials for cancer cachexia and muscle wasting were conducted but the compound was never approved by any regulatory agency. Evidence for efficacy and safety in humans remains limited to early-phase trials, and long-term risks are poorly characterized.