AMPHETAMINE

Amphetamine has been used clinically for over a century and is approved for ADHD and narcolepsy, with demonstrated efficacy in improving attention and wakefulness. A randomized non-inferiority trial found amphetamine-dextroamphetamine non-inferior to modafinil on multiple secondary measures of hypersomnia severity. However, its diverse pharmacological actions also produce significant adverse events and carry liability for recreational abuse. No pharmacotherapy has demonstrated consistent effectiveness for amphetamine dependence treatment, with high study drop-out and poor medication adherence limiting evidence strength. Evidence for specific harms such as ischemic colitis has been documented in case reports.