OXIRACETAM

A 2025 phase 3 multicentre RCT (n=590) found L-oxiracetam significantly improved cognitive function (LOTCA scores) in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients versus placebo, with oxiracetam also showing benefit. Animal studies demonstrate neuroprotective effects via reduction of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress following TBI. However, a large multicentre RCT (n=500) found oxiracetam did not prevent post-stroke cognitive impairment, supporting South Korea's regulatory decision to suspend its use for that indication. Evidence for cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals is largely anecdotal, with no robust placebo-controlled trials in that population. Preclinical studies suggest potential anti-autistic effects in animal models, but this has not been validated in humans.